From: g-perrin@ix.netcom.com (g-perrin)
Subject: Re: Colloidal minerals [Fact-long]
You wrote:
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>Date: Fri, 10 Jan 1997 11:18:31 -0500 (EST)
>From: Linda Burton <lburton@cce.cornell.edu>
>
>
>I am curious if any readers of this list have come into contact with
>colloidal mineral and vitamin supplement products. They seem to be very
>popular right now and come backed by an incredible list of benefits for
>those who take the preparation for long terms. (The promoter actually
>recommends you take the product for life) The product I have seen is sold
>through a pyramid-like or Amway- like scheme, which makes me skeptical.
<snip>....
**************************
If you like myths, unsubstantiated claims and fall prey to a sharp
marketing technique, then you'll fervently embrace 'Dead Doc's DO
LIE'...but if scientific fact and knowledge appeals to you more than
reading the Enquirer, then you appreciate the following posts which
appeared on the sci.nutrition list last year.
Further, if one checks the newsgroups, they'll find mostly posts
by MLM'ers selling their products with their hype...and those that post
postive claims, which in the eyes of science are simply
anecdotal experiences...and have no value in a -valid- study. There are
no _valid_ studies in the literature that support colloidals, only
the 'manufactured' pseudo studies, financed by the promoters of the
product, that give testimony to colloidals. It's common knowledge
there is a placebo effect that can be applied to any substance..
which can account for the infrequent anecdotal claims. [such as the
one that appears by "sue" on this thread]
Lastly, when considering information sources, ALWAYS QUESTION IT,
ESPECIALLY IF THEY ARE TRYING TO SELL YOU SOMETHING!!
jay perrin, DC
--------------------------------------
Expose on Dr. Joel Wallach's controversial new tape, "Dead Doctors
Don't Lie"
To: All Nutrition Detectives
From: Steve Cherniske
RE: Audio tapes making the rounds
Views you can use
Stephen Cherniske, M.S.
Items reviewed:
Pre-Launch audio tape by Joel Wallach for New Visions.
Philosophy:
I've received calls from CEO's of various network marketing
companies complaining that my reviews "make the industry look
bad." "No," I reply, "it is the hype-ridden baloney that many
network marketing companies are foisting upon the public that
threatens this industry." Then they advise me to "paddle my
own canoe" instead of trying to sink others, and I explain that
I'm not out to sink anyone. It's just that nutrition is a
science, and it steams me to see the science I love perverted
into a circus side show. Someone has to blow the whistle sometime.
Otherwise the industry will collapse from the weight of unfounded,
insupportable gobbledygook that spews constantly from fax machines
all over the world.
Sorry. I just thought it best to explain myself before giving you
more evaluations. Let's look at a few tapes that have come across
my desk (and no doubt yours) this week.
Dead Doctors Don't Lie, by Joel Wallach, DVM, ND.
Background: It's becoming common for emerging network marketing
companies to send out audio tapes in advance of their launch to
generate excitement and visibility. The tape by Dr. Wallach is
very effective because it is extremely controversial. The title,
Dead Doctors Don't Lie gives you an idea. And Wallach is a very
compelling speaker. His Midwest accent and down-home manner comes
across as believable and straightforward. He is a veterinarian
(DVM) by training and also received a Naturopath (ND) degree.
And now the news:
As I listened to the tape, I became more and more annoyed by
the doctor bashing. Keep in mind that I have no love affair
with the AMA, but I have worked very closely with many physicians
over the years and took offense at Wallach's cynical generalizations
and unfair exaggerations. This was especially bothersome because
of the one-sided format. Taking pot-shots at an adversary when
he (or she) has no opportunity to respond is unprofessional to
say the least. So I see this review as an effort to "keep everyone
honest."
Let me begin by saying that I agree with Joel Wallach's basic
position, that nutritional supplements are an effective and
reliable way to improve ones health. I also think that it is
best to minimize one's intake of drugs and reliance upon
hospitals and surgery. But I believe that Wallach goes off the
deep end in condemning the entire medical profession, and I think
that much of his information is DEAD WRONG.
True or False
Imagine you just purchased a brand new car, and as the salesman
shakes your hand he informs you that roughly 50% of the information
in the owners manual is incorrect. How would you feel? First of
all, it would be impossible for you to take care of your new car
because you wouldnt know what information was true and what was
false. The manual, in other words, would be useless, and your
investment would be in jeopardy.
I think tapes like Dead Doctors Don't Lie are like faulty owners
manuals. The vehicle in this case is your body, which is far
more valuable than any car, and when learning about it, you have
to determine if the material is accurate. Following are my
points of disagreement with Dr. Wallach. Judge for yourself.
1. He is listed on the tape as a 1991 Nobel Prize nominee for
medicine. While that sounds impressive, you have to understand
that anyone can nominate anyone for a Nobel prize. I would like
to know what accomplishment he was nominated for and what level
his nomination reached. After all, I have been nominated for
President of the United States. Impressed? I hope not.
2. Dr. Wallach claims to have performed over 3,000 autopsies on
humans. When I called Bastyr University, the nations foremost
Naturopath school, they informed me that ND's are not licensed
or trained to perform human autopsies.
3. Dr. Wallach states that pica is a disorder in which a person
craves sweets. In fact, it is a hunger for non-food substances
such as soil or metal.
4. He states that the average lifespan of a doctor in America
is 58 years. According to the National Center for Health
Statistics, American physicians live an average of 69.7 years,
less than the national average, but certainly more than Dr.
Wallach would have us believe.
5. Dr. Wallach states that an anti-cancer diet has been
discovered. But his data is derived from a Chinese study in
which a large proportion of the participants were seriously
malnourished. It is not reasonable to conclude that anyone who
takes vitamins A, E and beta carotene will have the same
reduction in cancer risk.
6. He states that 50% of 70 year old Americans have Alzheimer's
disease. In fact, careful research shows that the incidence of
Alzheimer's disease in Americans 65 to 74 years of age is
approximately 3.9%. Reference: Evans D. et al. Estimated
Prevalence of Alzheimers Disease in the United States. The
Milbank Quarterly 1990; 68(2): 267-287.
7. He talks of preventing Alzheimer's disease in pigs with
vitamin E and a low vegetable oil diet. In fact, pigs don't
get Alzheimer's, and there is no evidence that this approach
has any benefit for humans with this disease.
8. Dr. Wallach recommends the use of butter over olive oil
for longevity when a virtual mountain of research supports
the opposite view.
9. He states that gray hair at any age and face wrinkles are
due to a copper deficiency. This is absurd and insupportable.
10. His claim that cardiomyopathy is a selenium deficiency
is equally absurd, and illustrates a serious error in thinking.
Cardiomyopathy is not a single disease but a group of disorders
that involve the heart muscle. (cardio= heart, myo=muscle,
pathy= disease). Cardiomyopathy can result from a host of
causes including genetic defects, nutritional deficiency,
metabolic disease, infection, trauma and alcoholism. Yet
Wallach lumps all cardiomyopathy into a single disease with
a single cause, selenium deficiency. Even his examples are
dead wrong. He goes on and on about Stewart Berger, a doctor
who died of cardiomyopathy, yet Wallach knows nothing about
this doctor. If he had bothered to do even a little research,
he would have learned that Berger had a life-long weight
problem (weighed over 300 when he died) and may also have
abused drugs. Either of these factors can cause
cardiomyopathy, but according to Wallach, Berger was simply
deficient in the mineral selenium. In fact, Berger regularly
took an enormous amount of nutritional supplements, including
selenium.
11. He makes the same mistake when talking of aneurysms, the
bulging of an artery. Although medical texts list some 40
different types of aneurysm, with a variety of causes
including atherosclerosis, cancer, bacterial infection and
hypertension, Wallach claims that all aneurysms are caused
by a copper deficiency.
12. He states that male pattern baldness is a tin deficiency.
This is entirely incorrect.
13. He states that Bells palsy is a calcium deficiency when
in fact it is a clear neurological disorder. Many
individuals have suffered from Bells palsy (interruption
of a facial nerve resulting in partial paralysis of the face)
after trauma or injury. Did these people all suddenly become
calcium deficient? And if the disorder is a calcium
deficiency, why is Bells palsy so rare?
14. He states that sugar metabolism disorders (diabetes and
hypoglycemia) are a vanadium deficiency when vanadium has
not even been recognized as an essential nutrient for humans.
15. He states that arthritis is osteoporosis of the joint
ends of the bones. This is incorrect.
16. He claims that sodium intake has nothing to do with
high blood pressure, citing the fact that he used to put
salt licks out for his cows and they never got high blood
pressure. What incredible reasoning! Could it be that cows
use the salt lick as needed, while humans routinely consume
massive amounts of sodium for taste and as food additives?
In fact, the human body was designed for a high potassium,
low sodium diet through 1.6 million years of hunting &
gathering. Today's highly processed and refined diet
supplies minimal potassium and enormous amounts of sodium,
and we suffer as a result.
This is probably my major objection to this tape; the fact
that important points like this are over-simplified and
exaggerated. If Wallach actually did his homework, he would
find that fully one-third of the studies evaluating calcium
intake and hypertension actually show no consistent benefit.
REFERENCE: McCarron DA; Hatton D; Roullet JB; Roullet C.
Dietary calcium, defective cellular Ca2+ handling, and
arterial pressure control. Canadian Journal of Physiology
and Pharmacology, 1994 Aug, 72(8):937-44.
This may be due to the fact that calcium supplementation
appears to work best for people whose previous intake of
calcium was very low.
17. Wallach dismisses the importance of good oral hygiene
in preventing periodontal disease (receding gums). Instead,
he claims the problem is simply a calcium deficiency.
While adequate calcium intake is certainly important for the
maintenance of the bone that anchors the teeth (alveolar
bone), the deterioration of this bone is a late stage in
periodontal disease. The progression of periodontal disease
is actually well understood. First there is the accumulation
of bacterial plaque, masses of bacteria that are actually
visible to your dentist. The infection then spreads to the
periodontal ligament which attaches the tooth to the bone,
and finally, the bone begins to deteriorate.
18. One of the most simplistic and nonsensical claims made
on this tape is that people who live to be a hundred drink
40 cups of tea every day and put rock salt and two pats of
butter in each cup. On the other hand, doctors (who Wallach
claims only live to be 58) tell you to reduce salt and
butter. Wallach then asks "Who are you going to believe?"
First of all, I would like to know where these tea, rock
salt and butter consuming people are. I have traveled
throughout Asia and have studied longevity at great length,
and have never encountered such behavior. And even if there
are people with such habits, certainly the vast majority
of centenarians do not drink 40 cups of tea each day loaded
with butter and rock salt. So I will ask you the same
question..."Who are you going to believe?"
19. Then there's the hysterectomy issue. Wallach states
that "The medical treatment of choice for PMS is a
hysterectomy." This is utter nonsense. He also claims that
doctors perform about 285,000 unnecessary hysterectomies
each year in order to make their Mercedes payments. This
borders on hate mongering, and once again is a gross
exaggeration. The total number of hysterectomies performed
in the US in 1993 was 560,000 and the vast majority of
there were performed because of ovarian cancer or other
disease. Where does Wallach get his figures? Now there
is no doubt that many hysterectomies are unnecessary,
but a careful study utilizing second opinion data showed
that only 8% of elective hysterectomies (eg. those
performed because of ovarian cysts) were unconfirmed.
REFERENCE: Finkel ML; Finkel DJ. The effect of a second
opinion program on hysterectomy performance. Medical
Care, 1990 Sep, 28(9):776-83.
If you take the approximate number of elective
hysterectomies (124,000) and multiply by 8%, you get
9,920, not 285,000. Wallach further states that the AMA
says that these (285,000) hysterectomies are unnecessary,
but when I contacted the AMA regarding this, they had
no idea what he was talking about. Of course, as you
might have guessed, Wallach states that PMS is really
just a calcium deficiency.
20. Wallach states that all low back pain, "whether you
work on a computer, unload hay or drive big trucks" is
due to osteoporosis. This is absurd, as most low back
pain is caused by muscle or ligament strain.
21. Wallach states that he has seen diabetes cured in
"hundreds and hundreds" of individuals simply by taking
chromium and vanadium supplements. Again, it is
well-known that these trace minerals are important in
glucose metabolism. It's also true that the medical
community in general underutilizes trace minerals in
treating diabetes. But I know dozens of doctors who
include trace minerals in their treatment plans,
and not one of them would agree with Wallach. They,
along with the entire health care community, would
love to see his patient records to verify his claims.
22. Wallach's treatment of colloidal minerals is also
filled with errors. While any organic chemist knows
that soil-based compounds can be divided into metals and
non-metals, he calls all of these "metallic minerals."
He claims that these metallic minerals are only 8 to
12% absorbable, and after age 35 to 40, that drops to
3 to 5%. Where does he get these numbers? What happens
at age 35 that reduces mineral absorption by 60% ?
Whenever I hear ridiculous numbers like this thrown
around I challenge the speaker to provide
documentation. No one ever has.
In reality, the absorption of minerals depends on an
enormous number of variables, the most important of
which is physiologic need. Someone who is deficient
in calcium will absorb a great deal more of the
mineral (in any form) than someone who is adequately
nourished. Another variable is vitamin D status.
Someone adequately nourished in vitamin D will absorb
far more calcium (in any form) than someone deficient
in vitamin D. Other variables include nutrient form
(calcium citrate is absorbed much better than calcium
phosphate) and meal composition (vitamin C helps the
absorption of iron and zinc).
23. He tells a story of a man who owned a portable
toilet company finding hundreds of intact vitamin tablets
in his toilets. Wallach uses that story to prove that
"you can't absorb metallic minerals." In fact, all that
proves is that some vitamins are tableted improperly.
To make the sweeping statement that all vitamin tablets
are unabsorbed is like saying that because Yugos break
down all the time, all automobiles are unreliable. In
nutrition as in automobiles, there are the Yugos and
there are Rolls Royces.
24. Wallach states: "If you read the labels on those
multiples, they say your iron comes in the form of iron
oxide. What is iron oxide? Rust!" While this point is
dramatic, it is also patently false. In the last ten
years, I have reviewed more than a thousand different
multimineral formulations, and not one of them used iron
oxide.
25. Wallach's calcium lactate story also contains multiple
errors. He states that in a 1,000 mg tablet, 250 mg is
calcium and the remaining 750 mg is lactose or milk sugar.
In fact, calcium lactate is a compound of calcium and
lactic acid, which is an organic acid found in apples,
tomatoes and other fruit as well as beer and wine. He
then states that you'll only absorb 10% of the calcium in
such products, but that claim is unsupported.
26. His claim that colloidal minerals are 98% absorbable
is probably the most important statement on the tape
(since hes selling colloidal minerals) but I could find
no documentation in the medical or agricultural literature
to document that. As mentioned in # 22 above, the
absorption of minerals depends upon a host of factors,
only one of which is the form in which they are delivered.
I am not saying that colloidal minerals are not valuable.
They are probably a very good mineral source, but in
order to evaluate their worth to human health, we need
more than just claims and audio tapes. Mineral absorption
is verifiable through scientific experiment. I have such
data on the mineral compounds that I use, and I would
expect that Wallach or anyone making these claims should
be able to do the same. As of this writing I have not
seen a single study comparing the absorption of colloidal
minerals vs. mineral salts or chelated minerals
in humans. Hmmmm.
27. Wallach states that the human body stores, uses and
transports minerals in their colloidal state. This is
not true. Most minerals are stored as salts of calcium
or phosphorus. Others are found in compounds with
proteins or lipids, or simply components of enzymes
and hormones. In fact, minerals in the human body are
often found in their free ionic state. Magnesium, for
example, is found in numerous body tissues, with only
about 30% bound to any type of carrier molecule.
REFERENCE: Shils ME. Physiological Chemistry of
Magnesium. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition. The
Nutrition Foundation. Washington D.C. 1984. pp 422-438.
28. More colloidal confusion. Wallach notes that all
of the long-lived cultures drink glacier water which
contains ground up rocks in solution. But these are
simply metallic minerals, the very compounds he
previously stated were unabsorbable. I don't get it.
Then he says, "Are these colloidal minerals important?
You bet your life they are." My question is, what
colloidal minerals is he referring to?
END OF DOCUMENT BY Stephen Cherniske, M.S.
******************************************
>Does anyone have any research data pro or con regarding colloidal
>minerals.
> It seems people either love it or hate it and I would like to see
>some rational objective data....
****The Truth about Colloidal Minerals****
The following is a research paper written by Doug Grant, exposing
the hazards of colloidal minerals. The material is referenced at
the end and contains vital health information you should be aware
of, especially in the climate of hype and misinformation. What
you do with it is up to you. The only important issue here is
THE TRUTH. What we sometimes accept as "truth" is often too easily
packaged in deceptive garb, so it is vital for you to take the
time to listen to ALL the facts!
As a nutritionist, I have watched the industry evolve over the
past few years as more and more people are becoming interested in
nutrition and health. Because of the excitement and the large
influx of people who buy natural products and want to improve
their health through natural means, many companies have seen
the potential for profit. Along with some reputable firms, there
are many companies that resort to trying to capture a share of
the market by using hype and misinformation. Often their sales
techniques resemble those used in the old "medicine peddler"
days when anecdotal stories and "old wives tales" were used to
convince people to buy useless elixirs and potions.
I will use this article to expose what I feel to be one of
the biggest misinformation campaigns in today's health
products market. I'm referring to colloidal minerals. Colloidal
minerals are getting a lot of publicity, and many companies
have used colloidal minerals to amass millions of dollars in
sales simply by using anecdotal stories about the effects of
these minerals. Many of these stories come from an audio
tape entitled, "Dead Doctors Don't Lie", that is currently
being widely circulated.
.........in this paper, you will find facts based on true
research. In many instances throughout this paper, I have
provided references so, if you choose, you may go to
those sources for additional, in-depth details.
To help you gain an understanding of what colloidal minerals
are and the possible toxic effects of these kinds of
minerals, I will first share with you some information
and research findings from one of the world's leading
authorities on this subject, Albion Laboratories.
Definition of Colloidal Minerals:
For years, Albion has been dedicated to research regarding
minerals. In addition, Albion holds over 60 international
patents in the process of mineral chelation. The next few
paragraphs on colloidal minerals were written by Albion's
Max Motyka, M.S.:
"According to Dorland's Illustrated Dictionary, 24th Edition,
a colloid is: A state of matter in which the matter is
dispersed in or distributed throughout some medium called
the dispersion medium. The matter thus dispersed is called
the disperse phase of the colloid system. The particles of
the disperse phase are larger than the ordinary crystalloid
molecule, but not large enough to settle out under the
influence of gravity."
"The current edition of Random House Dictionary of the
English Language defines colloids:
Physical chemistry A. a colloidal system, one in which a
finely divided solid is suspended in a liquid: such
colloids range from solutions to gels. B. a colloidal
suspension. C. a substance that when suspended in a liquid
will not diffuse easily through vegetable or animal membrane."
"During the lecture by Dr. Joel Wallach, as heard on the
tape entitled, 'Dead Doctors Don't Lie,' the doctor
states that colloidal minerals are so small that they
require no effort to be absorbed. The hype behind the
colloidal minerals tells us that the particles are so
small that have direct permeability into your body's
tissues. Yet, in the definition of colloids from Random
House, under section C, we are told that the colloidal
substances "...will not diffuse easily through vegetable
or animal membrane."
"Dr. Wallach further states that colloidal minerals are
absorbed at a rate of 98%. Why not 100%? Since there is
no scientific documentation on colloidal mineral
absorption besides his say so, shouldn't the sky be the
limit? By definition, a colloidal mineral is that mineral
finely divided and suspended in a liquid. Why suspended?
Why not dissolved? Because the mineral forms in the
colloidal minerals are not soluble, that's why. When a
mineral form is dissolved in a liquid, it then exists
in its smallest possible form (either as part of a
bioavailable molecule or as a positively charged
atom (cation). When the other mineral forms present
themselves to the absorptive surfaces of the intestine,
they are in their smallest possible form or liquid form.
Colloidal minerals are much larger in size than other
mineral forms. According to Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences, colloidal mineral particles each consist of
many aggregates, and each aggregate contains many
molecules. Obviously, colloidal minerals exist in particle
sizes many times larger than the other mineral forms."
As Motyka points out, because of their size, colloidal
minerals are not absorbed by the body. Another
consideration about colloidal minerals is apparent in
a statement from Dr. Royal Lee. Dr. Lee is one of the
most respected men in the area of nutritional knowledge
to have ever lived. Here's what he says about colloidal
minerals: "A colloidal mineral is one that has been so
altered that it will no longer pass through cell walls
or other organic membranes." (2)
In order for a mineral to be absorbed through the cell
wall, and thus be available for use in the body, it must
be smaller than the colloidal mineral form, as Motyka
pointed out. Research also shows that a mineral must be
"chelated", or bound to an amino acid. Unless minerals are
chelated to amino acids, they cannot be absorbed properly
and utilized by the body. (3)
While the next quote is fairly technical, it explains the
need for chelation. Following the quote by Dr. Ashmead,
I will clarify some of the points:
"For absorption of a mineral from a salt to occur, it
must be presented to the mucosa as a cation. Numerous
studies have demonstrated that, after ingestion, metal
salts are generally ionized in the stomach, providing
they are soluble. If no interfering chemical reactions
occur, the cations enter the intestine where they are
bonded to amino acids from the chyme or to the carrier
proteins embedded in the luminal membranes of the mucosal
cells... Conversely, the amino acid chelate is not ionized
before absorption. It is not affected by different
precipitating anions because the metal ion in the molecule
is chemically inert due to the coordinated covalent and
ionic bonding by the amino acid ligands. It is not
affected by the pH of the stomach and survives as an
intact molecule particularly after the chelate has been
stabilized through a particular process." (4)
What this quote is saying is that taking in a mineral salt
or an unchelated mineral places an unnecessary burden on
the body. The body must, on its own, create the amino
acid bond that will allow the minerals to be absorbed.
On the other hand, if you take in minerals that are
already chelated to an amino acid, the body is spared that
work and the body's resources are reserved for other
purposes. If you have heard stories about people who have
noticed any benefits at all from taking colloidal minerals,
these stories may hold a particle of truth. These people
may, indeed, have ansorbed some of the minerals, but only
by forcing their bodies to chelate the minerals itself,
and to expell great resources and energy in the process.
Thus, the positive results they may have experienced were
derived at a much greater long-term cost to their body.
It makes more sense and is healthier to take minerals
into the body in chelated form to begin with so that you
don't rob your body of precious energy and resources. (5)
Research also shows that, even, though the body tries to
help out, colloidal minerals and other popularly marketed
forms of minerals are still inferior in their rates of
absorption. ....
..... Let's return to the words of Max Motyka to discover
another fallacy as far as absorption of colloidal minerals
is concerned. Motyka says:
"In addition, Dr. Wallach states that the colloidal minerals
are negatively charged, and thus are strongly attracted to
the positively charged surfaces of the intestinal lining,
where absorption takes place. A quick review of basic
physiology of absorption will tell you that the intestinal
lining has a negative charge, not a positive charge, as
stated by Dr. Wallach. If colloidal minerals are negatively
charged, they would be repelled by the intestinal lining,
not attracted to it, making their absorption impossible.
Motyka continues with an interesting question, he says:
By the way, just what is the chemical makeup of a colloidal
mineral? The word colloidal describes the physical form,
not the chemical form of the mineral. Are they oxides
(iron rust)? Free metals? Metal ore? Many are even toxic
elements! Their marketers claim them to somehow be negatively
charged. One text states that they are clay minerals
extracted by organic acids (probably humic and fulvic
acids). Most people taking colloidal minerals really don't
know what they are putting into their bodies. This probably
doesn't matter. After all, these colloidal minerals are
not really fully ansorbed anyway. Could that be a safety
factor?!....
I hope the evidence provided in this paper will be of
service to you. It should help you to see that it is
vitally important to look beyond the hype that many companies
use. With that kind of hype, many companies are promoting
colloidal minerals. After reading this paper, do you think
those companies are truly dedicated to your health?
Bibliography:
2. Lee, Royal, D.D.S. The Mineral Elements in Nutrition."
The writings of Royal Lee.
3. Ashmead, Harvey, et al. Intestinal Absorption of Metal
Ions.: Charles C. Thomas: Springfield, Illinois. 1985
4. Ashmead, DeWayne, Ph.D., ed. "Chelated Mineral
Nutrition in Plants. Animals and Man." Charles C. Thomas:
Springfield, Illinois. 1985
5. Ashemad, H. DeWayne. "The Roles of Amino Acid Chelates
in Animal Nutrition." Noyes Publications: Park Ridge, New
Jersey. 1993
6. Ashmead, Harvey, et al, op cit.
7. Ashmead, DeWayne, Ph.D., ed., op cit. page 14.
8. Heaney, RP: "Calcif Tiss Int" (1990) 46: 300-4.
9. Recker, R. et al., Am Journal of Clinical Nutrition."
1988; 47:93-95
10. Heaney, op cit.
11. Ashmead, HD, "The effects of supplementary calcium